{{Synthetic fibers}}Synthetic Manufactured fibers are fibers which are produced by artificial means. Raw materials are synthesized (joined) to long molecular chains in a process known as [[polymerization]]. The polymer is melted or dissolved into a spin-solution. The solution is forced through [[nozzles]] having small holes to form long fiber [[filaments]]. The same synthetic fibers may have different names (trade name), depending on who manufactured it and where it is manufactured.
As starting material for the synthesis of polymer chains one usually use fractions of oil distillations (naphtha and alkenes), but the first polyamide manufacturing used pentose utilized by corncobs. Today oil chemistry is dominant in the manufacture of Manufactured fibres are divided into three main classifications: man-made synthetic fiber polymersfibres, even if plant material can be used for synthetic fibers such as [[PLA fiber]] cellulosic and protein ([[Ingeofiber]]azlon).
Man-made synthetic fibres are created using a polymerization process combining many small molecules into a large molecule (a polymer). Many of the polymers that constitute man-made fibres are similar to compounds that make up plastics, rubbers, adhesives and surface coatings. The most common synthetic fiber is [[polyester]] (PET). [[Polyamide]] (PA) which is durable, is also used in industrial applications. Another Other common synthetic fiber is fibers are [[acrylic]]. The same synthetic fibers may have different names (trade name), depending on who manufactured it and where it is manufactured[[elastane]].
==Environmental impact==Manufactured cellulosic fibres account for approximately 8% of global man-made fibres. These fibres are derived from a range of plant-based and woody materials, which require intensive chemical manufacturing processes to be transformed first into pulp and then into “regenerated” cellulosic filaments. These fibres include [[modal]], [[lyocell]], [[bamboo viscose]] and [[wood viscose]].
The major environmental impact from the manufacture of synthetic fibers Protein fibre, otherwise known as Azlon, is that the raw material in the majority of cases are raw oil fibre which is very energy intensive to extract. Oil extraction does not only affect the environmentcomposed of regenerated, it is also politically and socially controversial.The oil is polymerized and is converted into polymers that are spun into fibers primarily by melt spinning processes. The polymerization requires different types naturally occurring protein derived from a number of chemical catalysts to get the process working sources, including: soybean, peanut, casein (which often is not good for the environmentfrom milk) , zein (from maize), and then must also chemicals be added to provide the fiber different characteristics. Examples of this is when you want the fibers to be matt or if you want to add [[optical brighteners]]. Polyester is made not only collagen/gelatin (from oil but require much energy animal protein) to producename a few. 1 kg polyester requires 109 mega joules of which half is Protein fibres have received considerable attention in the raw material itself United States, Europe, China and the other half is spent in production. 1 kg of polyamide requires 150 mega joules, compared with 50 mega joules Japan as an inexpensive substitute for cotton. [1] The high speeds at spinning requires the use of lubricantswool, spinning lubricants which are mostly mineral oils with additives of surfactants to facilitate washout when dyeing.The production results in emissions of greenhouse gases because of the energy-intensive manufacturing silk and oil extractioncashmere fibres.
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