Polyamide - Revision history

MichaelaRudolph: /* Innovation opportunities */

2015-04-16T11:27:50Z

‎Innovation opportunities

MichaelaRudolph: /* Durable water repellents (DWR) */

2015-04-16T11:17:41Z

‎Durable water repellents (DWR)

MichaelaRudolph: /* Durable water repellents (DWR) */

2015-04-16T11:17:15Z

‎Durable water repellents (DWR)

MichaelaRudolph: /* Dyeing and finishing */

2015-04-16T11:15:16Z

‎Dyeing and finishing

MichaelaRudolph: /* Benefits */

2015-04-16T11:08:09Z

‎Benefits

MichaelaRudolph at 08:53, 16 April 2015

2015-04-16T08:53:43Z

MichaelaRudolph at 08:50, 16 April 2015

2015-04-16T08:50:21Z

MichaelaRudolph: /* Optimize sustainability benefits */

2015-04-16T08:28:25Z

‎Optimize sustainability benefits

MichaelaRudolph: /* End of use */

2015-04-02T13:49:32Z

‎End of use

MichaelaRudolph: /* Consumer care/washing */

2015-04-02T13:48:14Z

‎Consumer care/washing

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 ==Innovation opportunities==
-. Investigate alternative technologies for colouring polyamide fabrics, such as transfer printing, which eliminates water from the dyeing process.17<br/><br/>
+. Investigate alternative technologies for colouring polyamide fabrics, such as transfer printing, which eliminates water from the dyeing process.[17]<br/><br/>
 . Design garments and products with reusable elements for easy disassembly. Design the product so that trims, tags, buttons, etc., can be easily separated from the main body of the product at the end of its useful life, to enable easy in-house recycling. Create collection systems for the products. Collect, disassemble, reuse.<br/><br/>
 . Create internal store collections of polyamide 6 and 6,6 garments and products. Use fabric from collected garments and products to innovatively redesign new products and prolong the lifecycle.<br/><br/>

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ====Durable water repellents (DWR)====
-[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durable_water_repellent Durable water repellents]] (DWR) are applied to polyamide 6 and 6,6 garments and products to allow for breathability and water repellency. Fluorochemicals are commonly used in these water-repellent finishes and waterproof membranes (thin films or coatings attached to the back of fabrics to prevent water from passing through). Two fluorinated compounds are of most concern, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), since they are known to have persistent, bioaccumulative and toxicological effects on the environment. The European Union has banned PFOS and some countries in the EU have also banned PFOA.[6]
+[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durable_water_repellent Durable water repellents] (DWR) are applied to polyamide 6 and 6,6 garments and products to allow for breathability and water repellency. Fluorochemicals are commonly used in these water-repellent finishes and waterproof membranes (thin films or coatings attached to the back of fabrics to prevent water from passing through). Two fluorinated compounds are of most concern, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), since they are known to have persistent, bioaccumulative and toxicological effects on the environment. The European Union has banned PFOS and some countries in the EU have also banned PFOA.[6]
 Waterproof membranes are engineered to be breathable, and are commonly derived from petroleum and made using PFOA.

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ====Durable water repellents (DWR)====
-Durable water repellents (DWR) are applied to polyamide 6 and 6,6 garments and products to allow for breathability and water repellency. Fluorochemicals are commonly used in these water-repellent finishes and waterproof membranes (thin films or coatings attached to the back of fabrics to prevent water from passing through). Two fluorinated compounds are of most concern, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), since they are known to have persistent, bioaccumulative and toxicological effects on the environment. The European Union has banned PFOS and some countries in the EU have also banned PFOA.[6]
+[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durable_water_repellent Durable water repellents]] (DWR) are applied to polyamide 6 and 6,6 garments and products to allow for breathability and water repellency. Fluorochemicals are commonly used in these water-repellent finishes and waterproof membranes (thin films or coatings attached to the back of fabrics to prevent water from passing through). Two fluorinated compounds are of most concern, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), since they are known to have persistent, bioaccumulative and toxicological effects on the environment. The European Union has banned PFOS and some countries in the EU have also banned PFOA.[6]
 Waterproof membranes are engineered to be breathable, and are commonly derived from petroleum and made using PFOA.

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 ===Dyeing and finishing===
-Certain types of dyes are suspected carcinogens and mutagens, while other dyes are known to have a sensitizing effect on skin and should be avoided. Untreated dye water can negatively impact receiving water bodies and harm aquatic ecosystems if left untreated before its release.
+Certain types of dyes are suspected [http://www.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen carcinogens] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen mutagens], while other dyes are known to have a sensitizing effect on skin and should be avoided. Untreated dye water can negatively impact receiving water bodies and harm aquatic ecosystems if left untreated before its release.
 ====Durable water repellents (DWR)====

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 Polyamide 6,6 has greater resilience, a higher melting point, and lower stain permeability than polyamide 6, which makes polyamide 6,6 perfect for carpet.[2]
 The most notable characteristic of both polyamide 6 and 6,6 is versatility. Although originally developed as an “artificial silk,” it has been used for a vast variety of applications. Polyamide fibres are used for garments, sheer hosiery, parachute cloth, backpackers' tents, bridal veils, musical strings, rope, broom and tooth brush bristles, Velcro and many other applications.[3]
-<br/>Polyamide 6 and 6,6 blend well with other fibres, and their chief contributions are strength and abrasion resistance.1
+<br/>Polyamide 6 and 6,6 blend well with other fibres, and their chief contributions are strength and abrasion resistance.[1]
 Polyamide 6 and 6,6 are machine washable, dry quickly, need little pressing, and holds shape well since they neither shrinks nor stretches, thereby minimizing water and energy use associated with consumer care and washing.[4]
 Due to their durability and abrasion resistance, some Polyamide 6 and 6,6 products have the potential to last and be worn many times, optimizing the energy and resources embodied in the product.

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-'''Polyamide 6 and 6,6''' are manufactured, man-made fibres that are formed from a chemical process using carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms. They differ in that they each begin with different polymer building blocks.1 The manufacturing process of Polyamide 6 and 6,6 is highly chemical and is derived from petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Also, the fibre and its resulting fabric are non-biodegradable. Efforts to address sustainability in these areas could help the overall impact of polyamide on the environment.
+'''Polyamide 6 and 6,6''' are manufactured, man-made fibres that are formed from a chemical process using carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms. They differ in that they each begin with different polymer building blocks.[1] The manufacturing process of Polyamide 6 and 6,6 is highly chemical and is derived from petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Also, the fibre and its resulting fabric are non-biodegradable. Efforts to address sustainability in these areas could help the overall impact of polyamide on the environment.
 == Benefits ==
-Polyamide 6 and Polyamide 6,6 share a lot of the same fibre characteristics. They have strong wear resistance, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, heat resistance, are lustrous, have a high melting point, and are resilient.1
+Polyamide 6 and Polyamide 6,6 share a lot of the same fibre characteristics. They have strong wear resistance, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, heat resistance, are lustrous, have a high melting point, and are resilient.[1]
-Polyamide 6,6 has greater resilience, a higher melting point, and lower stain permeability than polyamide 6, which makes polyamide 6,6 perfect for carpet.2
+Polyamide 6,6 has greater resilience, a higher melting point, and lower stain permeability than polyamide 6, which makes polyamide 6,6 perfect for carpet.[2]
-The most notable characteristic of both polyamide 6 and 6,6 is versatility. Although originally developed as an “artificial silk,” it has been used for a vast variety of applications. Polyamide fibres are used for garments, sheer hosiery, parachute cloth, backpackers' tents, bridal veils, musical strings, rope, broom and tooth brush bristles, Velcro and many other applications.3
+The most notable characteristic of both polyamide 6 and 6,6 is versatility. Although originally developed as an “artificial silk,” it has been used for a vast variety of applications. Polyamide fibres are used for garments, sheer hosiery, parachute cloth, backpackers' tents, bridal veils, musical strings, rope, broom and tooth brush bristles, Velcro and many other applications.[3]
 <br/>Polyamide 6 and 6,6 blend well with other fibres, and their chief contributions are strength and abrasion resistance.1
-Polyamide 6 and 6,6 are machine washable, dry quickly, need little pressing, and holds shape well since they neither shrinks nor stretches, thereby minimizing water and energy use associated with consumer care and washing.4
+Polyamide 6 and 6,6 are machine washable, dry quickly, need little pressing, and holds shape well since they neither shrinks nor stretches, thereby minimizing water and energy use associated with consumer care and washing.[4]
 Due to their durability and abrasion resistance, some Polyamide 6 and 6,6 products have the potential to last and be worn many times, optimizing the energy and resources embodied in the product.
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ====Durable water repellents (DWR)====
-Durable water repellents (DWR) are applied to polyamide 6 and 6,6 garments and products to allow for breathability and water repellency. Fluorochemicals are commonly used in these water-repellent finishes and waterproof membranes (thin films or coatings attached to the back of fabrics to prevent water from passing through). Two fluorinated compounds are of most concern, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), since they are known to have persistent, bioaccumulative and toxicological effects on the environment. The European Union has banned PFOS and some countries in the EU have also banned PFOA. 6
+Durable water repellents (DWR) are applied to polyamide 6 and 6,6 garments and products to allow for breathability and water repellency. Fluorochemicals are commonly used in these water-repellent finishes and waterproof membranes (thin films or coatings attached to the back of fabrics to prevent water from passing through). Two fluorinated compounds are of most concern, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), since they are known to have persistent, bioaccumulative and toxicological effects on the environment. The European Union has banned PFOS and some countries in the EU have also banned PFOA.[6]
 Waterproof membranes are engineered to be breathable, and are commonly derived from petroleum and made using PFOA.
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 ===End of use===
-Synthetic fibres are from a carbon-based chemical feedstock and are considered non-biodegradable.7 <br/>Polyamide 6 and 6,6 products have the durability to last many years, however if they are discarded, could sit in the landfill for decades.
+Synthetic fibres are from a carbon-based chemical feedstock and are considered non-biodegradable.[7] <br/>Polyamide 6 and 6,6 products have the durability to last many years, however if they are discarded, could sit in the landfill for decades.
-Discarded polyamide products increase load on landfills, contribute to land and water contamination and possibly toxic emissions into the air.8 <br/>When incinerated, polyamide 6 and 6,6 emit chemicals, such as nitrogen oxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and acrolein, that are poisonous and possible carcinogens.9
+Discarded polyamide products increase load on landfills, contribute to land and water contamination and possibly toxic emissions into the air.[8] <br/>When incinerated, polyamide 6 and 6,6 emit chemicals, such as nitrogen oxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and acrolein, that are poisonous and possible carcinogens.[9]
 ==Alternatives to virgin polyamide==
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ===Mechanical recycling===
-Polyamide 6 and 6,6 can be effectively collected, cleaned, cut, re-melted and remolded to make yarns. However, the fibre is “downcycled” in this manner, which means that its physical structure breaks down, and eventually the product must be discarded to landfill.10
+Polyamide 6 and 6,6 can be effectively collected, cleaned, cut, re-melted and remolded to make yarns. However, the fibre is “downcycled” in this manner, which means that its physical structure breaks down, and eventually the product must be discarded to landfill.[10]
 Collection, sorting and purifying discarded synthetic garments (i.e., post-consumer waste) is currently cumbersome. Infrastructures for labeling, collection and sorting need to be improved so that the post-consumer raw material source can scale to be economically viable.
 ===Chemical recycling===
-There is potential for polyamide 6 to be chemically recycled. Chemical recycling involves breaking the polymer into its molecular parts and reforming the molecules into a yarn of equal strength and quality as the original, in perpetuity. In this process, the chemical building blocks are separated (depolymerization) and reassembled (repolymerization), forming what is known as a “closed loop” where the final stage of the product's lifecycle (disposal) forms the first stage of the next product (raw fibre). Closed loop recycled polyamide processing is currently limited to Polyamide 6, and is expensive in part because it is a relatively new technology. In addition, the infrastructure to label, collect, sort and purify discarded garments must be in place.12
+There is potential for polyamide 6 to be chemically recycled. Chemical recycling involves breaking the polymer into its molecular parts and reforming the molecules into a yarn of equal strength and quality as the original, in perpetuity. In this process, the chemical building blocks are separated (depolymerization) and reassembled (repolymerization), forming what is known as a “closed loop” where the final stage of the product's lifecycle (disposal) forms the first stage of the next product (raw fibre). Closed loop recycled polyamide processing is currently limited to Polyamide 6, and is expensive in part because it is a relatively new technology. In addition, the infrastructure to label, collect, sort and purify discarded garments must be in place.[12]
 ==Optimize sustainability benefits==
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 • Support developments of chemically recycled Polyamide 6,6.
-• Investigate developments in bio-polyamide 6, which use amino acids derived from dextrose fermentation as the starting material, instead of petroleum.13
+• Investigate developments in bio-polyamide 6, which use amino acids derived from dextrose fermentation as the starting material, instead of petroleum.[13]
 • Investigate non-toxic flame retardant applications for polyamide.
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 • Investigate non-toxic waterproofing methods for polyamide.
-• Promote OEKO-TEK certified polyamide.14
+• Promote OEKO-TEK certified polyamide.[14]
 OEKO-TEK is an independent, third party certifier that offers two certifications for textiles: OEKO-TEK 100 (for products) and OEKO-TEK 1000 (for production sites/factories). OEKO-TEK 100 label aims to ensure that products pose no risk to health. OEKO-TEK certified products do not contain allergenic dye-stuffs and dye-stuffs that form carcinogenic aryl-amines. The certification process includes thorough testing for a long list of chemicals. Specifically banned are: AZO dyes, carcinogenic and allergy-inducing dyes, pesticides, chlorinated phenols, extractable heavy metals, emissions of volatile components, and more.
@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 Non-toxic methods of waterproofing and flame retardancy are available.
-Recycled polyamide is available globally in United States, Europe, Slovenia, Croatia, China, Japan and Israel.15,16
+Recycled polyamide is available globally in United States, Europe, Slovenia, Croatia, China, Japan and Israel.[15],[16]
 == End use==

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 ! style="background-color:#66cdaa;width:300px;color:#ffffff" | CONSIDERATIONS
 |-
-| '''Know the difference between natural bamboo linen fabric, and bamboo made from a viscose process.''' || || Bamboo viscose is chemically processed and has greater pollution impacts to water and air.
+| '''Kr.
 |-
-| '''Promote the use of linen from bamboo products.''' || Once the fibre is extracted from the stem, processing bamboo into yarn for linen is largely mechanical, with minimal environmental impact. ||
+| '''Ps.''' || Ot. ||
 |-
-| '''Promote the use of ozone bleaching processes to strip out the natural beige colour of linen (from flax). <br /><br />Promote the particular aesthetic of ozone bleach effects.''' || Ozone can used be with no water at all. || Ozone has limited availability, and is relatively expensive since it requires investment in ozone generating equipment. <br /><br />Ozone processes produce a different aesthetic than chlorine derivative or permanganate bleaching.
+| '''Pl. || Og.
 |}

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 2 April 2015
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	===End of use===		===End of use===
		+	Synthetic fibres are from a carbon-based chemical feedstock and are considered non-biodegradable.7 <br/>Polyamide 6 and 6,6 products have the durability to last many years, however if they are discarded, could sit in the landfill for decades.
		+	Discarded polyamide products increase load on landfills, contribute to land and water contamination and possibly toxic emissions into the air.8
		+	<br/>When incinerated, polyamide 6 and 6,6 emit chemicals, such as nitrogen oxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and acrolein, that are poisonous and possible carcinogens.9

	==Alternatives to virgin polyamide==		==Alternatives to virgin polyamide==

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 Waterproof membranes are engineered to be breathable, and are commonly derived from petroleum and made using PFOA.
-===Consumer care/washing===
+===Consumer care and washing===
 ===End of use===